The double burden of malnutrition is a big problem in urban areas of Indonesia. As discussed in a previous post “Intervention Innovations in Indonesia” many cases occur in middle-income families in urban areas. Researchers recognize that easy access to food with a low-nutrient and high calorie content is widely available in these cities. However, it turns out that this is not just an issue in urban areas.

A study of rural Bangladesh and Indonesia yielded some interesting insights into the spread of double burden of malnutrition outside of urban centers.

According to the study, coexistence of overweight women and stunted children in a household (how they define double burden of malnutrition in this study) is persistent in rural areas of Indonesia¹. This is a significant proportion of the country’s population, about 46%, and should not be ignored³.

Here are some of the risk factors associated with double burden of malnutrition in Indonesia¹:

• Maternal short stature
• Low levels of maternal education
• Older age of the child
• Not breast-feeding the child
• Belonging to a wealthier quintile
• The child being female (families will often expend more effort to care for and feed male children)

These risk factors are very similar to risk factors in urban areas. Researchers feel this issue may be spreading to rural areas as well due to increased access to energy dense foods, as well as mechanization of agricultural practices leading to a more sedentary lifestyle for rural farmers¹.

Unfortunately, double burden efforts have done little to focus on the issue in rural areas, what can be done?

Looking at research for malnutrition interventions in other areas may yield the desired results. A study of intervention methods in rural Iran showed some promising results.

In their study, they had a multi-faceted approach and addressed a wide range of issues. The following examples of actions taken in this study may be applicable to rural Indonesian populations²:

• educating mothers about: breastfeeding, complementary feeding, child feeding in diarrhea and other diseases, balancing and diversifying diet and food groups, preparing safe drinking water, creating a healthy home environment and family planning
• reinforcing the growth monitoring programme and sensitizing mothers to children’s growth cards
• strengthening literacy programmes for women
• increasing access to foods through establishment of rural cooperative stores
• promoting home gardening

While Indonesia has made strides in decreasing malnutrition in their cities, they cannot leave out their large rural population. The emphasis on maternal education remains the same as the study mentioned in “Intervention Innovations in Indonesia”, though the emphasis on gardening and cooperatives may be particularly impactful in rural areas. Additionally, an emphasis on proper sanitation measures, such as preparing clean water and appropriate waste disposal would be useful in both urban and rural settings.

The following video shows an intervention in a neighboring country facing similar issues, it focuses on the promotion of home gardening and children’s education as a means of helping to eradicate malnutrition.

Addressing Malnutrition through School Intervention

Written by: Devon Boullion

Sources:

¹Oddo, V. M., Rah, J. H., Setnba, R. D., Kai, S., Akhter, N., Sari, M., & … Kraemer, K. (2012). Predictors of maternal and child double burden of malnutrition in rural Indonesia and Bangladesh. American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, 95(4), 951-958. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.026070

²Sheikholeslam, R., Kimiagar, M., Siasi, F., Abdollahi, Z., Jazayeri, A., Keyghobadi, K., & … Hormozdyari, H. (2004). Multidisciplinary intervention for reducing malnutrition among children in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 10(6), 844-852.

³http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS

Malnutrition can affect all areas of health and be detrimental to daily activities. The insidious nature of malnourishment is that eating either too much or too little causes this issue. How can you make sure you’re eating properly?
Though undernourishment predominantly occurs in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), this pervasive health issue burdens high-income countries as well. Overnutrition in the United States affects about 55% of the population and 85% of Americans lack essential vitamins; this is not just an issue in Indonesia^{1, 2}.

Interventions for malnutrition-related issues in Indonesia involve financial support for affected families as well as nutritional education. While you may not have severe financial constraints affecting your nutrition, making healthy choices is difficult when you are surrounded by delicious, cheap food that lacks nutritional value.

So, what are some good ways to prevent malnutrition³?

1. When making dietary choices, focus on the variety, nutritional value and amount of food chosen.
2. Make sure to fill your plate with vegetables, fruits, grains and proteins. Additionally, while oils are not technically a food group, health oils should be consumed in moderation.
3. Choose options lower in saturated fat, sodium and added sugars.
4. Make sure to read nutrition labels on all prepackaged products. Often times, making recipes from scratch is the easiest way to eat healthy!

You can check out the United States public health initiative, Choose My Plate, in order to build your own nutritious meal plan and learn more about healthy lifestyle choices; there is even a section about eating healthy on a budget! Make an eating plan that is both healthy and nutritious at:

https://www.choosemyplate.gov/MyPlate

The only potential issue with the website is the recommendation of dairy as a necessity, you can have a healthy lifestyle without the consumption of dairy products, just make sure to get your calcium, vitamin D and potassium elsewhere.

Empower yourself to make the eating choices that are best for your body!

Written by: Devon Boullion

Sources:

¹Chopra, M., Galbraith, S., & Darnton-Hill, I. (2002). A global response to a global problem: the epidemic of overnutrition. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization, 80(12), 952-958.

²Guardian New and Media Limited, (2015). Hidden hunger: America’s growing malnutrition epidemic. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/10/nutrition-hunger-food-children-vitamins-us

³U.S. Department of Agriculture. ChooseMyPlate.gov Website. Washington, DC. Build a Healthy Eating Style. Retrieved from https://www.choosemyplate.gov/MyPlate